Diarrhea

Signs & symptoms

腹泻可以被描述为频率的异常增加, volume or liquidity of your stools. 这种情况通常持续几个小时到几天. 腹泻通常伴有腹部痉挛.

The most common causes of diarrhea include:

• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Parasites

Other causes include medications, 比如抗生素会破坏肠道内细菌的自然平衡, artificial sweeteners and lactose, which is a sugar found in milk.

持续几天以上的腹泻被认为是慢性的，可能是潜在疾病的征兆, such as inflammatory bowel disease or an infection. 在这些情况下，腹泻可能会导致脱水，需要十大赌博平台排行榜的照顾. 当身体失去过多的液体和电解质(钾盐和钠盐)时，就会发生脱水. 腹泻期间流失的液体和电解质需要及时补充，因为没有它们，身体就无法正常运作.

与腹泻相关的体征和症状可能包括:

• Frequent loose, watery stools
• Abdominal cramps
• Abdominal pain
• Fever
• Bleeding
• Lightheadedness or dizziness from dehydration

Diarrhea caused by a viral infection, such as a stomach virus, or bacterial infection also may cause vomiting. 此外，由细菌感染引起的腹泻可能会出现粪便中的血液和粘液.

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your medical history, 做一次身体检查，并安排常规血液, urine and stool tests. 用于诊断便秘的其他诊断检查包括乙状结肠镜检查和结肠镜检查.

Sigmoidoscopy

For a sigmoidoscopy, 十大赌博平台排行榜使用一种叫做结肠镜的特殊仪器, which is a long, 柔性管，大约和你的食指一样粗，末端有一个微型摄像机和灯, to exam your rectum and lower part of your colon. 在手术过程中，我们会尽一切可能让你感到舒适. 你的血压、脉搏和血液中的含氧量将被仔细监测.

Your doctor will do a rectal exam with a gloved, lubricated finger; then the lubricated colonoscope will be gently inserted. As the scope is slowly and carefully passed, you may feel as if you need to move your bowels, 因为空气被引入来帮助推进视野, you may feel some cramping or fullness. Generally, however, there is little or no discomfort. Occasionally, some abdominal pressure, which may be provided by your nurse, 或者可能需要改变位置以避免结肠镜在腹部形成环路. 你的十大赌博平台排行榜会将检查范围向前推进，直到他或她检查了结肠的左侧. 然后，在对结肠进行彻底检查的同时，小心地取出范围. At this point in the exam, 你的十大赌博平台排行榜会用结肠镜仔细检查任何息肉或其他可能需要评估的问题, diagnosis or treatment. 这个过程通常需要10到15分钟.

Colonoscopy

结肠镜检查用于评估腹痛等症状, bloody bowel movements, altered bowel habits such as constipation or diarrhea, and weight loss. This test is similar to sigmoidoscopy, but the doctor looks at the entire colon, rather than just the left side. The term "colonoscopy" means looking inside the colon. 结肠镜检查是由受过良好训练的专业十大赌博平台排行榜进行的.

Colonoscopy also is performed using a colonoscope, which is a long, 柔性管，大约和你的食指一样粗，末端有一个微型摄像机和灯, to exam your rectum and lower part of your colon. 在手术过程中，我们会尽一切可能让你感到舒适. 你的血压、脉搏和血液中的含氧量将被仔细监测.

By adjusting the various controls on the colonoscope, 胃肠科十大赌博平台排行榜可以安全地操作仪器，仔细检查从肛门到盲肠的结肠内层. 结肠镜包含一个通道，允许仪器通过，以便采集组织或粪便样本, remove polyps and provide other therapy. The high quality picture from the colonoscope, shown on a TV monitor, provides a clear, detailed view of the colon. 它提供了比x光检查更精确的检查.

Your doctor will do a rectal exam with a gloved, lubricated finger; then the lubricated colonoscope will be gently inserted. As the scope is slowly and carefully passed, you may feel as if you need to move your bowels, 因为空气被引入来帮助推进视野, you may feel some cramping or fullness. Generally, however, there is little or no discomfort. Occasionally, some abdominal pressure, which may be provided by your nurse, 或者可能需要改变位置以避免结肠镜在腹部形成环路. 你的十大赌博平台排行榜会将检查范围向前推进，直到他或她到达结肠的起点, called the cecum. After reaching this point, 然后小心地取出范围，同时对结肠进行彻底检查. At this point in the exam, 你的十大赌博平台排行榜会用结肠镜仔细检查任何息肉或其他可能需要评估的问题, diagnosis or treatment. 这个过程通常需要10到15分钟.

Treatments

In most cases, diarrhea resolves itself after two or three days, and almost always within one to two weeks. Usually, 唯一需要的治疗就是防止脱水, 这可以通过饮用替代液体和电解质混合物来实现吗. Adequate levels of minerals such as sodium, magnesium, 钙，尤其是钾对于维持心跳的电起搏是必不可少的. 体内液体和矿物质水平的破坏会造成严重的电解质失衡.

止泻药物不应用于由细菌感染或寄生虫引起的腹泻，因为它们可能会延长感染时间. In these cases, antibiotics are typically recommended. Depending on the severity and type of virus, 病毒引起的腹泻要么用药物治疗，要么任其自行发展.